March 26, 2024

Scientists have achieved a significant breakthrough by developing the world’s first 3D-printed brain tissue that mimics natural brain behaviour. This innovation holds great promise for advancing research into neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. How it was made? Unlike traditional methods, the scientists employed a unique approach, stacking layers horizontally and using a softer “bio-ink” gel to support brain cells. The resulting tissue allows neurons to grow and communicate with each other effectively. This breakthrough could revolutionize stem cell biology, neuroscience, and our understanding of various brain disorders.   3D printing technology is also revolutionizing the future of multiple industries. It works by adding layers of material on top of each other. 3D printed objects prevent the waste of excess materials and are faster and cheaper to produce.3D printing is possible with the help of 3D in computing. A computer-generated graphic that provides the perception of depth similar to a real-world object. Computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-generated images (CGI) using computer technology to create 3D images. These images can also be printed with 3D printing. 3D printers are able to produce high quality three-dimensional objects such as prosthetic legs, and human organs. Industries of all types benefit from 3D technology, including real estate, architecture, healthcare, automotive, aeronautics, research and retail. This technology is commonly used in movies, video games, graphics and virtual reality (VR) projects like the metaverse. The process of creating a 3D image depends on the type of graphic, how it will be deployed and what 3D modelling software will be used to create it. Both CAD and CGI use the following two steps to create 3D images: A computer-generated 3D model of a physical object provides a mathematical representation of the object, serving as a blueprint for producing the final image. Designers use various techniques with these models. A common technique is non-uniform rational B-spline, which provides mathematical representations of curve and surface geometries, including standard shapes, such as cubes or pyramids. A newer approach to modelling is digital sculpting, also called 3D sculpting. Digital sculpting providing tools that help make manipulating digital forms a more organic process.  After a model has been completed, rendering is applied to create a realistic image that integrates effects such as lighting, shadow, reflections, textures, materials and other details to make the image as photorealistic as possible. Rendering can be done in advance or in real time. For example, rendering done in advance might be used for a website’s graphics or a motion picture, whereas real-time rendering might be used for gaming or an interactive product catalogue.

Background Ocean circulations (currents, waves, tides) are continuous, directed movements of ocean water. It is a key regulator of climate by storing and transporting heat, carbon, nutrients, and freshwater all around the world. Various forces acting upon this ocean circulation, such as breaking waves, wind, Coriolis force, temperature and salinity differences, tides, depth contours, shoreline configurations and interaction with other currents influence a current’s direction and strength. The temperature of the water at the ocean surface (Sea surface temperature) an important physical attribute of the world’s oceans which varies mainly with latitude, with the warmest waters near the equator and the coldest waters in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Oceans have a fever- here’s why Record Rise in global ocean temperature (Oceans fever) is hot topic for geographics and environmentalist. As the oceans absorb more heat, sea surface temperature increases, and the ocean circulation patterns that transport warm and cold water around the globe change. According to the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) the average global sea surface temperature (SST) for February 2024 stood at 21.06 degree Celsius, the highest ever for previous this month in a dataset going back to 1979. The previous 20.98 degree Celsius SST record temperature was set in august 2023. Based on the historical record, increases in sea surface temperature have largely occurred over two key periods: between 1910 and 1940, and from about 1970 to the present. Sea surface temperature appears to have cooled between 1880 and 1910. Major reasons behind the oceans getting warmer – Since the middle of the 19th century after Industrial Revolution human activities such as the increased burning of fossil fuels has released high levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. which trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. As a result, the average global temperature has risen at least 1.2 degree Celsius above pre-industrial times. Almost 90 per cent of the extra heat trapped by GHGs has been absorbed by the oceans, which has made oceans steadily warmer over the decades. Some other reasons also contributing in Ocean fever- El Niño: El Nino unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific region. But the current high global average SST However begun to rise well even developed fully before the ongoing El Nino and remains unusually high even now after as the weather pattern has peaked and begun to wane.  This weather pattern, causing abnormal long-lasting warming of waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, contributes to both ocean and global temperature rises. Roll of Sahara Desert dust – According to a report the dust typically forms a giant shadow that shades the Atlantic water form sun rays and reduces ocean temperatures. But for some time now there is less dust blowing off the Sahara Desert of due to weaker than average winds leading to increased sunlight absorption and higher ocean temperatures. Reduction in sulphur dioxide emission: – International regulations 2020 reduced the amount of allowed sulphur in marine shipping fuels to reduce sulphur dioxide (health-damaging air pollutant). Earlier which  sulphate aerosols in the atmosphere and act like a cloud, preventing solar radiation from reaching the ocean surface, sunlight absorption and higher ocean temperatures. Consequences of such Ocean Fever- To mitigate the impacts of rising sea surface temperatures, urgent action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is vital. which exacerbating marine ecosystem damage and intensifying storms. Reducing emissions can slow these trends, as emphasized by the World Meteorological Organisation’s reports. (WMO) warned in its Global climate report-2023  that 66 % chances that at least one of the year between 2023 and 2027 would cross the threshold of 1.5-degree Celsius above pre industrial level.